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The tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and TNF receptor (TNFR) gene superfamilies regulate numerous biological functions including cell proliferation, differentiation, and survival through regulating the activation of the transcription factor NF-kB and various mitogen-activated protein kinases. The glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor receptor (GITR) is an emerging member of this family that is expressed on CD4+ CD25+ regulatory T cells and appears to have crucial immune regulation functions. Its ligand GITRL is expressed in endothelial and antigen-presenting cells and can activate NF-kB, induce both pro- and anti-apoptotic effects, inhibit the suppressive activity of regulatory T cells, and co-stimulate responder T cells through GITR. Dominant negative forms of NIK and TRAF2 expressed in transfected 293 cells substantially inhibited NF-kB activation, suggesting that the GITRL-GITR pathway involves both NIK and TRAF2.
Gene Name: | tumor necrosis factor (ligand) superfamily, member 18 |
Family/Subfamily: | TNF , not assigned-TNF |
Synonyms: | TNFSF18, AITR ligand, AITRL, GITR ligand, GITRL, HGITRL, TL6 |
Target Sequences: | NM_005092 NP_005083.2 Q9UNG2 |
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