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CA9 / Carbonic Anhydrase IX

carbonic anhydrase IX

Carbonic anhydrases (CAs) are a large family of zinc metalloenzymes that catalyze the reversible hydration of carbon dioxide. They participate in a variety of biological processes, including respiration, calcification, acid-base balance, bone resorption, and the formation of aqueous humor, cerebrospinal fluid, saliva, and gastric acid. They show extensive diversity in tissue distribution and in their subcellular localization. CA IX is a transmembrane protein and is one of only two tumor-associated carbonic anhydrase isoenzymes known. It is expressed in all clear-cell renal cell carcinoma, but is not detected in normal kidney or most other normal tissues. It may be involved in cell proliferation and transformation. This gene was mapped to 17q21.2 by fluorescence in situ hybridization, however, radiation hybrid mapping localized it to 9p13-p12.

Gene Name:	carbonic anhydrase IX
Synonyms:	CA9, CAIX, Carbonate dehydratase IX, Carbonic anhydrase IX, CA-IX, Carbonic dehydratase, G250, MN, Membrane antigen MN, p54/58N, RCC-associated antigen G250, RCC-associated protein G250, Carbonic anhydrase 9, PMW1, CA IX
Target Sequences:	NM_001216 NP_001207.2 Q16790

Publications (44)

[Recent evaluation of a Candida hemagglutination test]. Mller J. Mycoses. 1991 63-7. (IHC-P; Human) [PubMed:1818266]

Carbonic anhydrase IX expression predicts outcome of interleukin 2 therapy for renal cancer. Atkins M, Regan M, McDermott D, Mier J, Stanbridge E, Youmans A, Febbo P, Upton M, Lechpammer M, Signoretti S. Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research. 2005 11:3714-21. (IHC; Human) [PubMed:15897568]

Angiogenesis and hypoxia in lymph node metastases is predicted by the angiogenesis and hypoxia in the primary tumour in patients with breast cancer. Van den Eynden GG, Van der Auwera I, Van Laere SJ, Colpaert CG, Turley H, Harris AL, van Dam P, Dirix LY, Vermeulen PB, Van Marck EA. British journal of cancer. 2005 93:1128-36. (IHC-P; Human) [PubMed:16251878] [PMC:PMC2361504]

Expression of the hypoxia marker carbonic anhydrase 9 is associated with anaplastic phenotypes in meningiomas. Yoo H, Baia GS, Smith JS, McDermott MW, Bollen AW, Vandenberg SR, Lamborn KR, Lal A. Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research. 2007 13:68-75. (IHC-P; Human) [PubMed:17200340]

Hypoxia can be detected in irradiated normal human tissue: a study using the hypoxic marker pimonidazole hydrochloride. Westbury CB, Pearson A, Nerurkar A, Reis-Filho JS, Steele D, Peckitt C, Sharp G, Yarnold JR. The British journal of radiology. 2007 80:934-8. (IHC-P; Human) [PubMed:17908818]

Is the downregulation of EphB2 receptor expression during colorectal tumorigenesis due to hypoxia?. Kaidi A, Moorghen M, Williams AC, Paraskeva C. Gut. 2007 56:1637-8. (IHC-P; Human) [PubMed:17938437] [PMC:PMC2095662]

Brachytherapy for oral tongue cancer: an analysis of treatment results with various biological markers. Sakata K, Someya M, Nagakura H, Nakata K, Oouchi A, Takagi M, Hareyama M. Japanese journal of clinical oncology. 2008 38:402-7. (IHC-P; Human) [PubMed:18573850]

Hypoxia-mediated up-regulation of Pim-1 contributes to solid tumor formation. Chen J, Kobayashi M, Darmanin S, Qiao Y, Gully C, Zhao R, Kondo S, Wang H, Wang H, Yeung SC, Lee MH. The American journal of pathology. 2009 175:400-11. (IHC-P; Mouse) [PubMed:19528349] [PMC:PMC2708825]

Inhibition of prolyl hydroxylase domain proteins promotes therapeutic revascularization. Loinard C, Ginouvs A, Vilar J, Cochain C, Zouggari Y, Recalde A, Duriez M, Lvy BI, Pouyssgur J, Berra E, Silvestre JS. Circulation. 2009 120:50-9. (WB; Mouse, Human) [PubMed:19546390]

Mediators of glioblastoma resistance and invasion during antivascular endothelial growth factor therapy. Lucio-Eterovic AK, Piao Y, de Groot JF. Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research. 2009 15:4589-99. (IHC-P; Human) [PubMed:19567589]

Identification of a novel small molecule HIF-1alpha translation inhibitor. Narita T, Yin S, Gelin CF, Moreno CS, Yepes M, Nicolaou KC, Van Meir EG. Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research. 2009 15:6128-36. (WB; Human) [PubMed:19789328] [PMC:PMC2770235]

Hypoxia stimulates CXCR4 signalling in ileal carcinoids. Arvidsson Y, Bergstrm A, Arvidsson L, Kristiansson E, Ahlman H, Nilsson O. Endocrine-related cancer. 2010 17:303-16. (IHC; Human) [PubMed:20071457]

Expression of a hypoxia-associated protein, carbonic anhydrase-9, correlates with malignant phenotypes of gastric carcinoma. Kato Y, Yashiro M, Noda S, Kashiwagi S, Matsuoka J, Fuyuhiro Y, Doi Y, Hirakawa K. Digestion. 2010 82:246-51. (IHC; Human) [PubMed:20588040]

Distinguishing clear cell renal cell carcinoma, retroperitoneal paraganglioma, and adrenal cortical lesions on limited biopsy material: utility of immunohistochemical markers. Lapinski JE, Chen L, Zhou M. Applied immunohistochemistry & molecular morphology : AIMM / official publication of the Society for Applied Immunohistochemistry. 2010 18:414-21. (IHC; Human) [PubMed:20861762]

Role of hypoxia and EGF on expression, activity, localization and phosphorylation of carbonic anhydrase IX in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. Li Y, Wang H, Tu C, Shiverick KT, Silverman DN, Frost SC. Biochimica et biophysica acta. 2011 1813:159-67. (WB; Human) [PubMed:20920536] [PMC:PMC3014402]

Angiogenesis and host immune response contribute to the aggressive character of non-melanoma skin cancers in renal transplant recipients. Mackenzie KA, Miller AP, Hock BD, Gardner J, Simcock JW, Roake JA, Dachs GU, Robinson BA, Currie MJ. Histopathology. 2011 58:875-85. (IHC; Human) [PubMed:21585427]

Role of immunohistochemistry in the evaluation of needle core biopsies in adult renal cortical tumors: an ex vivo study. Al-Ahmadie HA, Alden D, Fine SW, Gopalan A, Touijer KA, Russo P, Reuter VE, Tickoo SK. The American journal of surgical pathology. 2011 35:949-61. (IHC; Human) [PubMed:21677535]

Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 mRNA: a new target for destabilization by tristetraprolin in endothelial cells. Chamboredon S, Ciais D, Desroches-Castan A, Savi P, Bono F, Feige JJ, Cherradi N. Molecular biology of the cell. 2011 22:3366-78. (WB; Human) [PubMed:21775632] [PMC:PMC3172262]

Investigation on tumor hypoxia in resectable primary prostate cancer as demonstrated by 18F-FAZA PET/CT utilizing multimodality fusion techniques. Garcia-Parra R, Wood D, Shah RB, Siddiqui J, Hussain H, Park H, Desmond T, Meyer C, Piert M. European journal of nuclear medicine and molecular imaging. 2011 38:1816-23. (IHC-P; Human) [PubMed:21833840] [PMC:PMC3259612]

Pronounced hypoxia in models of murine and human leukemia: high efficacy of hypoxia-activated prodrug PR-104. Benito J, Shi Y, Szymanska B, Carol H, Boehm I, Lu H, Konoplev S, Fang W, Zweidler-McKay PA, Campana D, Borthakur G, Bueso-Ramos C, Shpall E, Thomas DA, Jordan CT, Kantarjian H, Wilson WR, Lock R, Andreeff M, Konopleva M. PloS one. 2011 6:e23108. [PubMed:21853076] [PMC:PMC3154919]

The chromatin remodeler ISWI regulates the cellular response to hypoxia: role of FIH. Melvin A, Mudie S, Rocha S. Molecular biology of the cell. 2011 22:4171-81. (Human) [PubMed:21900490] [PMC:PMC3204077]

Inclusive estimation of complex antigen presentation functions of monocyte-derived dendritic cells differentiated under normoxia and hypoxia conditions. Ogino T, Onishi H, Suzuki H, Morisaki T, Tanaka M, Katano M. Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII. 2012 61:409-24. [PubMed:21932134]

Diflavin oxidoreductases activate the bioreductive prodrug PR-104A under hypoxia. Guise CP, Abbattista MR, Tipparaju SR, Lambie NK, Su J, Li D, Wilson WR, Dachs GU, Patterson AV. Molecular pharmacology. 2012 81:31-40. [PubMed:21984255]

Lowered expression of galectin-2 is associated with lymph node metastasis in gastric cancer. Jung JH, Kim HJ, Yeom J, Yoo C, Shin J, Yoo J, Kang CS, Lee C. Journal of gastroenterology. 2012 47:37-48. (WB; Human) [PubMed:22015694]

The expression of the hypoxia markers CA9 and CXCR4 is correlated with survival in patients with neuroendocrine tumours of the ileum. Deschamps L, Bacha D, Rebours V, Mebarki M, Bretagnol F, Panis Y, Bedossa P, Ruszniewski P, Couvelard A. Neuroendocrinology. 2012 95:214-22. (IHC; Human) [PubMed:22133596]

Increased activation of the hypoxia-inducible factor pathway in varicose veins. Lim CS, Kiriakidis S, Paleolog EM, Davies AH. Journal of vascular surgery. 2012 55:1427-39. (WB; Human) [PubMed:22277691]

Hypoxia promotes ligand-independent EGF receptor signaling via hypoxia-inducible factor-mediated upregulation of caveolin-1. Wang Y, Roche O, Xu C, Moriyama EH, Heir P, Chung J, Roos FC, Chen Y, Finak G, Milosevic M, Wilson BC, Teh BT, Park M, Irwin MS, Ohh M. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2012 109:4892-7. (WB, GS; Human) [PubMed:22411794] [PMC:PMC3323978]

Morphophenotypic characteristics of intralymphatic cancer and stromal cells susceptible to lymphogenic metastasis. Matsumura Y, Ishii G, Aokage K, Kuwata T, Hishida T, Yoshida J, Nishimura M, Nagai K, Ochiai A. Cancer science. 2012 103:1342-7. (IHC; Human) [PubMed:22429811]

Molecular profiling of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors in sporadic and Von Hippel-Lindau patients. Speisky D, Duces A, Biche I, Rebours V, Hammel P, Sauvanet A, Richard S, Bedossa P, Vidaud M, Murat A, Niccoli P, Scoazec JY, Ruszniewski P, Couvelard A. Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research. 2012 18:2838-49. (IHC; Human) [PubMed:22461457]

The prognostic value of expression of HIF1, EGFR and VEGF-A, in localized prostate cancer for intermediate- and high-risk patients treated with radiation therapy with or without androgen deprivation therapy. Weber DC, Tille JC, Combescure C, Egger JF, Laouiti M, Hammad K, Granger P, Rubbia-Brandt L, Miralbell R. Radiation oncology (London, England). 2012 7:66. (IHC; Human) [PubMed:22546016] [PMC:PMC3432017]

SIRT3 protects from hypoxia and staurosporine-mediated cell death by maintaining mitochondrial membrane potential and intracellular pH. Pellegrini L, Pucci B, Villanova L, Marino ML, Marfe G, Sansone L, Vernucci E, Bellizzi D, Reali V, Fini M, Russo MA, Tafani M. Cell death and differentiation. 2012 19:1815-25. (WB; Human) [PubMed:22595756] [PMC:PMC3469066]

Predictive factors for response to treatment in patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma. Muriel Lpez C, Esteban E, Astudillo A, Pardo P, Berros JP, Izquierdo M, Crespo G, Fonseca PJ, Sanmamed M, Martnez-Camblor P. Investigational new drugs. 2012 30:2443-9. (IHC; Human) [PubMed:22644070]

Hypoxia enhances the interaction between pancreatic stellate cells and cancer cells via increased secretion of connective tissue growth factor. Engler JR, Robinson AE, Smirnov I, Hodgson JG, Berger MS, Gupta N, James CD, Molinaro A, Phillips JJ. The Journal of surgical research. 2012 (IHC; Human) [PubMed:22795353]

Asic3 is a neuronal mechanosensor for pressure-induced vasodilation that protects against pressure ulcers. Engler JR, Robinson AE, Smirnov I, Hodgson JG, Berger MS, Gupta N, James CD, Molinaro A, Phillips JJ. Nature medicine. 2012 (IHC; Mouse) [PubMed:22842475]

Arylsulfonamide KCN1 inhibits in vivo glioma growth and interferes with HIF signaling by disrupting HIF-1 interaction with cofactors p300/CBP. Yin S, Kaluz S, Devi NS, Jabbar AA, de Noronha RG, Mun J, Zhang Z, Boreddy PR, Wang W, Wang Z, Abbruscato T, Chen Z, Olson JJ, Zhang R, Goodman MM, Nicolaou KC, Van Meir EG. Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research. 2012 18:6623-33. (WB; Human) [PubMed:22923450] [PMC:PMC3518680]

Increased microglia/macrophage gene expression in a subset of adult and pediatric astrocytomas. Engler JR, Robinson AE, Smirnov I, Hodgson JG, Berger MS, Gupta N, James CD, Molinaro A, Phillips JJ. PloS one. 2012 7:e43339. (IHC; Human) [PubMed:22937035] [PMC:PMC3425586]

EG-VEGF controls placental growth and survival in normal and pathological pregnancies: case of fetal growth restriction (FGR). Brouillet S, Murthi P, Hoffmann P, Salomon A, Sergent F, De Mazancourt P, Dakouane-Giudicelli M, Dieudonn MN, Rozenberg P, Vaiman D, Barbaux S, Benharouga M, Feige JJ, Alfaidy N. Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS. 2013 70:511-25. (IHC; Human) [PubMed:22941044]

Prognostic factors in patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma. Muriel Lpez C, Esteban E, Berros JP, Pardo P, Astudillo A, Izquierdo M, Crespo G, Sanmamed M, Fonseca PJ, Martnez-Camblor P. Clinical genitourinary cancer. 2012 10:262-70. (IHC; Human) [PubMed:22959659]

Glioblastoma resistance to anti-VEGF therapy is associated with myeloid cell infiltration, stem cell accumulation, and a mesenchymal phenotype. Piao Y, Liang J, Holmes L, Zurita AJ, Henry V, Heymach JV, de Groot JF. Neuro-oncology. 2012 14:1379-92. (IHC; Mouse, Human) [PubMed:22965162] [PMC:PMC3480262]

Immunohistochemical analysis of cancer stem cell markers in invasive breast carcinoma and associated ductal carcinoma in situ: relationships with markers of tumor hypoxia and microvascularity. Currie MJ, Beardsley BE, Harris GC, Gunningham SP, Dachs GU, Dijkstra B, Morrin HR, Wells JE, Robinson BA. Human pathology. 2013 44:402-11. (IHC; Human) [PubMed:23036368]

Function of carbonic anhydrase IX in glioblastoma multiforme. Proescholdt MA, Merrill MJ, Stoerr EM, Lohmeier A, Pohl F, Brawanski A. Neuro-oncology. 2012 14:1357-66. (IHC, WB; Human) [PubMed:23074198] [PMC:PMC3480266]

Steep increase in myonuclear domain size during infancy. Delhaas T, Van der Meer SF, Schaart G, Degens H, Drost MR. Anatomical record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007). 2013 296:192-7. (ICC, IHC; Human) [PubMed:23213045]

Immunohistochemical markers of the hypoxic response can identify malignancy in phaeochromocytomas and paragangliomas and optimize the detection of tumours with VHL germline mutations. Pinato DJ, Ramachandran R, Toussi ST, Vergine M, Ngo N, Sharma R, Lloyd T, Meeran K, Palazzo F, Martin N, Khoo B, Dina R, Tan TM. British journal of cancer. 2013 108:429-37. (IHC; Human) [PubMed:23257898] [PMC:PMC3566818]

Radiosensitization of normoxic and hypoxic h1339 lung tumor cells by heat shock protein 90 inhibition is independent of hypoxia inducible factor-1a. Schilling D, Bayer C, Li W, Molls M, Vaupel P, Multhoff G. PloS one. 2012 7:e31110. (WB; Human) [Full Text Article] [PubMed:22347438] [PMC:PMC3274537]

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The data on this page has been compiled from LifeSpan internal sources, the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), and The Universal Protein Resource (UniProt).

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